When talking about the history of chickens, the chickens today are spoiled beyond belief compared to Grandmas’ hens.
Hens of the past (1900s) had no regular access to essential commodities such as water and feed- this severely limited their egg-laying rate and also the size which they grew.
The chicken wasn’t considered a necessary ‘livestock’ animal on the farm. The meat was only eaten on very special occasions and eggs were a luxury.
Today, we will look back at the Humble Homestead Hen over the years and see how her lot has improved.
History of Chickens: When Did Chickens First Appear?
The origin of chickens is mysterious. No scientist can pinpoint the exact place or year of origin of these birds.
Generally, chickens were documented first to appear between 4,000 to 10,500 years ago. It was said to originate in Southeast Asia, northern China, and India.
The Southeast Asian Red Junglefowl is said to be the original wild ancestor of chickens. However, certain variations evolved over time and in different places until we have the kind of chickens today.
Because of these, some scientists may have lost track of the rare breeds of poultry, pointless to even retrace them now.
Our Condensed History of Chickens Starts in 1900s
1900-1920: Chicken Meat Is a DelicacyWe primarily raised chickens on family farms. We did not raise them in huge numbers- a flock of 400 birds would be considered significant.
Families who had flocks of this size sold eggs as their primary income source, and chicken meat was a delicacy being reserved for special occasions and holidays only.
The average chicken would lay between 80-150 eggs per year.
The chicken diet was basically whatever they could forage with occasional handouts of grain, scraps and waste kitchen products.
A hen destined for the pot would be fattened up with extra grains and buttermilk if available.
Housing was non-specific, either in the barn with the other animals or a separate outbuilding.
They certainly didn’t have a purpose-built coop like we see today, leading to a high mortality rate of around 40%.
Chickens also didn’t do well over the winter months due to a lack of vitamin D which is provided during the summer months through sunlight.
Vitamin D was discovered in the early 1920s and led to a small revolution in poultry keeping.
Hens could now survive through the winter months with Vitamin D supplements and go on to produce healthier chicks in the spring.
1920-1930: The Age of the Broiler Industry
In 1923, Mrs Wilmer Steele of Delaware raised 500 chicks intended for meat birds.
Her enterprise did so well, that by 1926 she bought a broiler house with capacity for 10,000 birds. She is considered to be the pioneer of the commercial broiler industry.
- This was the beginning of confined housing for birds and ‘industrial’ status for broilers.
- Cage systems of keeping hens was introduced in California.
- Hens were gradually improving and could now lay up to 250 eggs/year.
- Mortality also dropped to 5%.
1930-1950: Chickens Are Now Patriotic
Following the Great Depression, agriculture was slowly regaining lost ground. We declared war between the US, Germany, and Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
This led to an increase in flock size to feed the troops.
Everyone who had a plot of land was encouraged to grow a Victory Garden. Even city folk were encouraged to form community gardens and help to supply fresh food for their families.
Raising and keeping chickens was encouraged, since they were small livestock and produced eggs!
- In the 1940s’ feed mills, hatcheries, farms etc. were still separate entities.
- 1942 an ‘online’ eviscerator (device used to ‘gut’ the chicken) was invented, making the chicken ready-to-cook. Prior to this, evisceration of a bird was considered a kitchen skill.
- 1946 Pilgrim’s Pride feed store started by giving away free chicks with a bag of feed.
- 1949 USDA grading program for eggs started.
Following the war years there was a massive change in the way they produced food. Chickens slowly began to be raised ‘intensively.’
1950-the 1960s: Chickens Stop Becoming a Luxury Food
These were the years that saw the most change for chickens.
Improvements in production capabilities and lower labor requirements saw the price of eggs plummet and many family-owned chicken farms went bankrupted.
They filled the vacuum with more extensive industrial operations.
Chickens stopped being a ‘luxury’ food; almost every family could afford a chicken. Broilers were now the #1 source of poultry meat.
- In 1950 the refrigeration was invented allowing produce to be stored at home for much longer.
- Companies bought the feed mills, hatcheries etc. in order to control production.
- The average flock sizes increased massively, however with this came issues of disease control and prevention, medicine and vaccinations.
1970-the 1990s: Advancements in Nutrition and Mass Production
The 1970s saw significant advancements in nutrition, genetic improvement of fowl, increased mechanization and the beginning of disease eradication programs.
Following these advancements saw the rise of animal welfare activists throughout the 1980s who campaigned (and still do) for animals’ rights.
During the 1990s there was more of a movement towards natural, organic birds and eggs.
- First antibiotic-free birds sold by Perdue company.
- The trend towards eating locally.
- Animal welfare and rights come to the attention of the public.
- By 1992 chicken was the top-selling meat, surpassing pork and beef.
2000s: Modern Day Chickens
Is chicken considered meat in the 2000s? More than ever!
Due to the demand for chicken eggs and meat, it would be no surprise that the population of chickens outnumbers the human population.
In the 2000s, there has been a deeper understanding of raising chickens. If you look at the chicken industry, they have improved their ways of raising flocks and producing quality by-products.
It is also in the 2000s that millions of people started having chickens as productive pets. The friendly and docile temperaments of some chicken breeds have made them the next ideal choice of pet birds next to cats and dogs.
History of Chickens in 2020
With the coronavirus pandemic spreading across the world, many turned to self-sufficiency or learning more about it. And chickens are one of the first animals that people add to their homesteading artillery.
Over the past five years, backyard chicken owners have emerged in full force. Task forces to promote city chicken-keeping have jumped onto the scene, and hatcheries have seen their chick orders triple with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Are the two related?
Most likely, a natural, more straightforward way of life may become the norm due to the new world the pandemic created.
Only time will tell.
2022: Chickens of Today
So, how many chickens are in the world 2022, and what are they like nowadays?
Today, there are roughly 390 million laying birds in the US. They lay approximately 96.9 billion eggs per year and chicken is the most consumed meat in America.
As you can see, many changes have affected how the chicken has been viewed and used.
What changes were made to the hen herself in order to bring her to the forefront of the food industry?
Breeders, enthusiastic amateurs and farmers had been cross-breeding poultry for centuries.
The aim was to produce birds that could be either good egg produce or good meat bird. It was becoming clear that you really could not have a bird that excelled at both.
As a result of these developments in the 1920-50s several of the most common dual-purpose birds of today were created, including the: Delaware, American Holland, New Hampshire, Chantecler, and Rhode Island Reds.
More recent ‘streamlining’ of birds has led to the creation of such birds as the Golden Comet. The Comet is a great egg layer, but not considered to be a good meat bird.
The high volume of eggs slows down after the second year, so the birds are generally slaughtered and replaced.
History of Chickens Summary
Since the 1920s, we have bred the hen to be more ‘thrifty’ producers of meat and/or eggs. We have streamlined production methods in order to process more birds faster at a cheaper cost to the consumer.
Throughout the history of chickens, people have significantly benefitted from the evolution of these birds.
The chicken herself has seen significant general improvements in her diet, housing and care.
A better understanding of nutrition, the need for good sanitary practice and health checks have all enabled the chicken to live longer and more healthily.
Mortality had dramatically reduced from the beginning of last century when it was above 40%, to less than 5% today.
Chicken diseases are better understood and treated and vaccines are available for several of the more lethal diseases.
Care for the chickens’ health has improved enormously and the online resources of today can help the backyard keeper identify problems in their flock.
So, Grandmas’ hens have come a long way! Backyard chickens have enjoyed a renaissance in popularity in recent years and deservedly so.
Leave a comment below; we’d love to hear any of your stories about chickens of the 1900s!
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The Chinese have made a vaccine based on reverse genetics made with H5N1 antigens, and they have been using it. There has been a lot of criticism of what they have done, because they have protected their chickens against death from this virus but the chickens still get infected; and then you get drift – the virus mutates in response to the antibodies – and now we have a situation where we have five or six “flavours” of H5N1 out there.
This is interesting to hear about Buster!
Do you have any more information or news articles on this?
Claire
China transmits the virus with hog manure fertilizer”;;
I don’t think chickens are better cared for, as most chicken are in cages and aren’t looked after at all. They are full of hormones in which are giving us problems with our health. Please don’t say this isn’t true as I used to work on a chicken farm, which turned me into a vegan when I learned the truth
the Virus is transmitted through the hog or chickens droppings when the hog or chicken sheds the virus; the only way to stop this is to “dispose of the irdroppings;
My great grandfather, William McIntyre, had a large poultry farm in Gardena, CA around 1920. I have a newspaper article with a photo if you are interested,
yes; please send; thanks!
does rabbit meat will come popular or come famous same like chicken in future or next 10 years. whats ur openion
This is a sad article, of how humans have exploited the chickens and somehow you try to put a positive spin on that.
SHAME !!!
I totally agree. We have turned hens into egg laying or meat production machines. So many never see the light of day or scratch around in the earth. This is simply cruelty.
I have five adorable hens that I raise as pets. I don’t understand how people can kill something that is a precious living creature with a huge personality. It really is devastating how people overlook these animals and see them as stupid, pointless birds.
I have hens who have free range as possible. Fed variety
They definitely are not stupid or dumb, have individual personalities and always put a smile on my face
I prefer peoples lives over chickens lives, people need to eat, death is part of life, people eat meat, animals eat meat, heck my free range chickens will swallow anything they can catch, I do enjoy them and treat them well, I also use common sense and eat their eggs, I may even put one in the pot now and then.
It’s easy to put down breeding, farms, etc. when you buy your prepackaged meat in the grocery store and you are not connected to the animals themselves.
Sadly, the only “happy poultry” are those raised naturally in very small numbers who get constant outdoor access.
Organic animal agriculture has been corrupted by greed and collusion with the USDA. Factory farms are now often labeled ‘organic’. All animals are raised to be killed by animal ag, but it has gotten MUCH worse in the past 100 years
Consumers have been demanding more dead animals to eat, and animal ag complies. I became vegan over twenty years ago and have never looked back. Go vegan and save animal lives, your health, and the environment. Treat animals with compassion and respect by not harming them.
Even eggs and dairy products are produced with cruelty and suffering. Cows have their babies stolen away to create gobs of milk for humans, it is a very cruel unhealthy practice. namaste’, rachel
I don’t understand the mass production of animals to be killed and eaten. This is the cause of disease, illnesses, and viruses. Why is this confusing for intelligent humans to understand.
Sounds like the world will be a better, healthier, and a safer place if humans ate vegan!
Oh my gosh, do you honestly not see the difference in the chickens in the first picture compared to those in the “broiler house”? The latter are babies, missing feathers, breathing in ammonia, will likely never forage or take a clean dust bath. These are the “happy chickens” whose lives have improved? I can’t believe what I’m reading. Their lives are better because now they are fed by machines constantly until they can’t support their own weight?